Vertebrates consist of five classes

Vertebrates consist of five classes
Vertebrates consist of five classes, namely:
Pisces,
amphibia,
reptile,
aves and
mammals.
Pisces
Pisces has a habitat in water with gill breathing apparatus. This animal has fins that serve to determine the direction of motion in water and has lateral lines to determine water pressure. Including cold-blooded animals (poikiloterm), which is body temperature adjusted to the environment. Pisces reproduce by laying eggs (oviparous).

Based on the type of bone fish are divided into 2 groups, namely:
Chondrichthyes or cartilage fish, for example: stingrays, sharks and cones.
Osteichthyes or hard bone fish, for example: carp, carp, carp, tuna.
Vertebrate pisces
Amphibia
Amphibia is an animal that can live in two habitats, namely land and water, but not all types of Amphibia live in two places of life. Some types of frogs, salamanders, and caecilians, some only live in water and some are only on land.
But its habitat as a whole is close to water and damp places like swamps and tropical rain forests. These animals breathe with gills and lungs and have a body temperature poikiloterm, breed by laying eggs (ovipar) and fertilization occurs outside the body (external).
Examples of Amphibian Animals: paddy frogs, salamanders, frogs

Amphibia
Reptiles
Reptiles (in Latin, reptiles = reptiles) have scaly skin made of horn (keratin). Scales function to prevent dryness. Other characteristics possessed by most reptiles are: five-fingered limbs, breathing with lungs, the heart of a bear three or four,
use environmental energy to regulate its body temperature so that it is classified as poikiloterm animals, internally fertilized, producing eggs so classified as oviparous with eggshell.
Reptiles include three major orders namely Chelonia or Testudines (shelled reptiles), Squamata or Lepidosauria (reptiles with scaly skin), and Crocodilia (crocodiles). Nation turtles have a hard shell (shield) called the karapaks (top) and plastron (bottom).

Reptiles
Aves
Aves has homoiterm body temperature (fixed body temperature, not affected by ambient temperature). Having a feathered body protects the body and the feathers that form the wings are used to fly. His bones are hollow so that they are light. Breed eggs (ovipar) and fertilization in the body.
Eggs are eggshell and have large egg yolks. Breathe with lungs and have air coffers which help breathing while flying.
Example: chicken, cassowary, penguin, duck, goose.

Aves hertabrata
Mammals
The hallmark of mammals is having mammary glands. Milk is produced by glands (mammae) found in the stomach or chest area. Mammals are also called mammals because they feed their children.
Mammalian bodies are covered by hair which functions as insulation that slows heat exchange with the environment, all the sense of touch, among others, on the mustache, as a protector from friction or sunlight, as an undercover or defense to protect from prey, and as a sex identifier.
Mammals reproduce by giving birth (viviparous). These animals have homoiterm body temperature (fixed body temperature) and breathe with the lungs. Mammals have a more developed brain compared to other vertebrate animals.

Mammals
Characteristics of Vertebrate Animals
Have nerves consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
Breathing with skin lungs and gills.
Having a round gland and endoxin which produces controlling hormones.
Having a hot and fixed body temperature (homoiternal) or cold body temperature in accordance with environmental conditions (poikiloternal).
The digestive tract extends from the mouth to the anus, which is located next to the vertran and behind.
Skin epidermis (outer) and endodermal skin (inner).
Paired reproductive organs, except for birds.

Morphological and Anatomical Characteristics of Vertebrate Animals are;
a) Characteristics of Pisces
Morphological Characteristics:
Covered by scales and has lateral lines to determine swimming direction and position
The body consists of the head
The framework is composed of true bones. There are no ears
Anatomical Characteristics:
Having a heart, but the stomach is only an enlargement of the intestine. In the intestine there are spiral valves
Having gills that have operculum and gill slits. Swimming bubbles consist of oxygen, CO₂, N₂, and function as respiratory aids. In dipnoi there are pneumatosistas that function as lungs when fish live in mud that contains little water
Two blood bear hearts get O₂ in the gill filaments
Having pronephrons or kidneys. In Aghata there is no Ginjakl portal system
The brain consists of 5 parts 10 cranial nerves Female animals have a pair of ovaries and a pair of oviducts, oviparous, or viviparous

b) Characteristics of Amphibians
Morphological Characteristics:
Can live in water and on land or humid places
Also called animals that have a place to live (habitat) in two realms
Animals breathe with lungs and skin. Frog tadpoles eggs and live in water then after
Skin consists of dermis. Does not have auricle
Anatomical Characteristics:
Perfect digestion, jaw too Tongue mouth.
Respiratory devices in the form of lungs, skin, and gills. Gas exchange occurs in the skin. Larfa breathes with gills
Three bear hearts, two porches and one cubicle. Closed blood circulation is found in the carotid, systemic, and pulmonary arteries. It has 3 types of veins, namely the vein, the portal vein and the pulmonary vein.
Mesonephroid-type kidneys with urine pass through the cloaca. Urinary interest is a thin bubble on the ventral side of the cloaca. The brain is divided into five parts with 10 cranial nerves. Have endocrine gland and thyroid gland. Eggs wrapped in gelatin, placed in water, hatched into larvae and metamorphosed into adult frogs.

c) Characteristics of Reptile
Morphological Characteristics:
Dry skin scaly from horns because of the substance kertin
Cold-blooded (porkolioconal) that is whose body temperature is affected by environmental temperature
Movements in the form of legs and tail Does not have auricle
Anatomical Characteristics:
Have heart, prankeas, teeth, and tongue
Lung breathing with long tracheal ringed in cartilage
Has 2 aortas that turn left and right. Heart bear 4, which is 2 porches, and 2 chambers but the bulkhead between 2 bases is not perfect. Have nucleated erythrocytes
Having a pair of flat kidneys, there is a ureter that empties into the cloaca, although it also has a urinary content
The central nervous system is a brain with 12 pairs of cranial nerves that can be highlighted. Eggshell.

d) Characteristics of Aves
Morphological Characteristics:
Vision, hearing and sound devices are well developed
Bloody hot (homoioteral)
Furry skin
Do not have ears have wings
Anatomical Characteristics:
Having saliva, pancreatic glands, and liver that produces bile
Breathing with the lungs is connected with air sacs which are also connected with the pipe bones
The heart is encased in the pericardium membrane, bear 4 namely 2 atria, 2 vertical, with a perfect room divider. The aortic arch on the right. Only has 1 port system
Metanephron type kidneys. Does not have urinary bladder. Renal portal veins are not divided into kidney pillars
Central nervous system of the brain with 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Male animals do not have a penis, female animals only have one ovary

Get to know Scorpionidae and Arachnida

Get to know Scorpionidae and Arachnida
(1) Scorpionidae characteristics
(Kala, Scorpion) Scorpionidae body, consisting of the head that is united with the chest (cephalothorax) and the abdomen (abdomen), so that the back shrinks to form a tail.
In the cephalothorax there is a pair of mouth tools such as tongs called pedipalpi, which functions as a sense of touch as well as catching prey. A pair of small mouth tools called kelisera which functions to chew their prey, several pairs of large or small single eyes and four pairs of legs on the cephalothorax.
In the abdominal segments of the tail end, the shape is rounded and tapered, the tip is a stinging device that emits poison, useful for paralyzing the prey it has captured. While in the lower front abdomen there is a small hole (stigma) as a means of respiration associated with the trachea.

(2) Arachnid (Labah) Characteristics
Spiders
Arachnid (spider) body consists of cephalothorax and abdominal abdomen, the part between cephalothorax and abdomen is streamlined. In the cephalothorax there is a pair of kelizer which can release toxins.
The function of this poison is to paralyze its prey, there is a pedipalpus which is used to suppress and chew its prey (food) and between the pedipalpus there is a small mouth hole.

(3) Characteristics of Acarinae (tick)
In the Acarinae (tick) there is a head, chest, and abdomen that are one and not segmented, having four pairs of legs that are segmented. Ticks live as parasites and some are free. If it lives as a parasite in dogs, the female tick will suck the dog's blood until its body swells. If you want to lay eggs, it will escape and choose a place to lay eggs, then die.
In humans, ticks can cause scurvy, which is living parasites on the skin. These ticks cause itching on the skin because female ticks when laying eggs make holes in the skin and eggs are laid in the trenches.

d) The characteristics of Myriapoda
Centipede or centipede body consists only of the head and body. There is no chest. On the head there are a pair of single eyes, a pair of large feelers, and a pair of small, broad-fingered tactics.
Each rear body segment there are paired legs. Myriapoda performs its respiration using the tracheal duct which empties into small holes (stigma), located on the walls of the body segments. The hole is called a spiracle. The circulatory system is open and the heart is located on the back. The nervous system is a rope ladder nervous system.

Arthropod body size and shape
Arthropod body sizes vary, some are smaller than 0.1 mm (for example mites and ticks) to those larger than 3 m (for example Macrocheira kaempferi crabs). Arthropod body shape varies greatly. His body is bilateral symmetry and protected by an exoskeleton (outer frame).
Arthropods have limbs with different structures and functions, such as wings to fly, legs to walk or swim, claws to catch prey, copulation devices, devices to defend the body, and sensory receptor devices.

Arthropod body structure and function
Arthropod body consists of segments with varying amounts. Segments of the body can be divided into parts of the head (head), chest (thorax), and abdomen (abdomen). The Arthropod's body is encased in a cuticle or an outer framework (exoskeleton) and chitin.
The exoskeleton cannot grow enlarged, so that at times Arthropods must release their old exoskeleton and secrete a new exoskeleton that is larger in accordance with their body size. The process of releasing an exoskeleton in an arthropod is called molting or ecdysis. Molting requires enormous energy. During molting, animals hide, do not eat, and are vulnerable to predators.
Arthropod food digestive system is complete, starting and mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and anus. The circulatory system is open, consisting of the heart, short arteries, and sinuses. Sinus is a room that surrounds tissues and organs. Sinuses are called hemosols. Blood fluid in arthropods is called hemolymph.

Arthropods breathe with gills, tracheal system, book lungs, or body surfaces. The trachea system consists of branched airways. Air exchange occurs through respiration holes in each segment of the body called spiracles or stigma.
Excretion tool is in the form of Malpighi tubules or excretion glands. The nervous system is in the form of a rope ladder nervous system that is equipped with a ganglia or brain. Arthropod sensory organs develop well, namely the eye for sight, antennas for touch and smell, and olfactory receptors as the sense of smell.

Arthropod Organ System
Arthropod Digestive System: Arthropod digestion is a perfect digestive system equipped with a complete digestive apparatus consisting of the mouth, esophagus, intestine, and anus. The mouth is equipped with mouth and anus tools located in the posterior segment
Arthropod Circulatory System: Arthropod blood circulation is open and the blood is blue, because it contains hemocyanin.
Arthropodic Respiratory System: Arthropods have a respiratory system in the form of trachea, gills, book lungs or through the entire surface of the body.
Arthropod Excretion System: Arthropods have excretion systems in the form of green glands or with malpigih vessels that form in the back intestine
Arthropod Nervous System: The arthropod nervous system consists of a rope ladder and an antenna in the form of an antenna. Ganglia functions as a reflex center and controls all activities
Arthropod Reproductive System: Arthropod reproduction is carried out sexually and asexually (parthenogenesis and pedogenesis). Arthropod's reproductive system is separate, meaning that there are male animals and female animals.

How to Arthropod Reproduction
Arthropods reproduce generatively. In general, gonokoris or genitals are located in different individuals, but there are also hermaphrodites. Arthropod reproduction can occur through marriage (copulation) and parthenogenesis.
Parthenogenesis is the formation of new individuals without fertilization, where eggs that are not fertilized by sperm will grow into male individuals that have half the number of chromosomes and individual females.

Vertebrate animals
Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone. The spine originates from the development of the primary body supporting axis or notocorda (dorsal cord). Vertebrate notochorda only exists in the embryonic period, after adulthood will experience repetition into a secondary body support system, namely the spine (vertebrae).
In the classification system, vertebrates are a subfilum of the Chordata phylum. Chordates include animals that have the following characteristics:
It has a notocord, which is a hard but flexible skeleton. The notocord is located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord, extending along the body to form a skeletal axis.
It has a single nerve cord, is hollow dorsally to the notocord, and has an enlarged anterior end of the brain.
Has a tail that extends posteriorly toward the anus.
Having pharyngeal gaps.
The vertebrate body has a type of bilateral symmetry and parts of the internal organs are protected by the inner skeleton or endoskeleton, specifically the part of the brain protected by the bones of the skull (cranium). The outermost part of the vertebrate body is skin composed of epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer). Some vertebrate skin is covered with feathers and some are covered with hair.
Internal organs, such as digestive, cardiovascular, and respiratory organs are found in a body cavity or coelom. Vertebrates have complete organs, which make up the organ systems including the digestive system that extends from the mouth to the anus, the circulatory system is closed (blood flows in blood vessels),
excretion devices in the form of kidneys, respiratory apparatus in the form of the lungs or gills, a pair of reproductive organs (right and left) and an endocrine system that functions to produce hormones.

Definition of Vascular Plants

Definition of Vascular Plants
Definition of Vascular Plants, Characteristics, Types, Classifications and Examples: are a group of plants that have clear and distinctive vascular systems to deliver nutrients / nutrients from the soil by roots to the canopy section

Vascular Plants
Definition of Vascular Plants
Vascular plants or Trachaeophyta are a group of plants that have clear and distinctive vascular systems to channel nutrients / nutrients from the soil by the roots to the canopy and to transmit photosynthesis and metabolism from leaves to other parts of the body.

Vascular plants are also called tracheophytes (vascular binding plants).
Vascular Plants (Tracheophyta) are plants that have transport vessels and have body parts consisting of roots, stems, and true leaves. the root serves as a tool to absorb water and mineral substances. The trunk functions as a means of transportation and breathing. The leaves function as organs for photosynthesis.
The word Tracheophyta is often called a vascular plant. These vascular plants are classified as kingdom plantae or plants.

Vascular Plant Classification
The body structure of vascular plants is more complex than non-vascular plants. including vascular plants as follows:

Seedless Plants (Nail Plants)
Psilophyta
Lycophyta
Sphenophyta
Pterophyta

Seed plants
1). Open Seed (Gymnosperms)
Coniferophyta
Cycadophyta
Gingkgophyta
Gnetophyta

2). Covered seed (Angiospermae)
Anthophyta
Types of Vascular Plants
Seedless Plants (pteridophyta / nail plants)
Seedless Plants (Nail Plants)
Nail plants (or ferns, Pteridophyta or Filicophyta), are a divisio plant that has a true vascular system (cormus) but does not produce seeds for its reproduction. Instead of seeds, this group of plants still uses spores as a generative propagation tool, just like moss and fungi.
Nail plants are spread in all parts of the world, except perennial snowy areas and arid regions (deserts). The total species are known to be almost 10,000 (an estimated 3,000 of which grow in Indonesia), most of which grow in the humid wet tropics. This plant tends to be resistant to limited water conditions, perhaps following the behavior of its ancestors in the Carboniferous period, also known as the golden age of ferns because it ruled the forests of the earth. Forest plant litter in this era which fossilized is now mined by people as coal.

Morphology
 Various forms of nail plants, some in the form of trees (tree nails, usually not branching), epiphytes, floating in water, hydrophytes, but usually in the form of terna with rhizomes that spread on the ground or humus and ental (English frond) that support the leaves with varying sizes (up to 6 m). Young Ental always curl (like a violin handle) and become a characteristic of nail plants. Fern leaves are almost always compound leaves. Nail plants are often found to dominate the vegetation of a place so that they form large shrubs and suppress other plants.

Life cycle
The life cycle of ferns recognizes the rotation of offspring, which consists of two main phases: gametophyte and sporophyte. Nail plants that we can easily see are sporophytic phase forms because they produce spores. The gametophyte phase generation form is called protalus (prothallus) or protalium (prothallium), which is in the form of a small green sheet, similar to liverworts, not rooted (but has rhizoid as its replacement), no trunked, no leafy. Prothallium grows from spores that fall in moist places.
From prothallium develop anteridium (antheridium, spermatozoid-producing organs or male sex cells) and archegonium (archegonium, ovum or egg-producing organs). Fertilization absolutely requires the help of water as the spermatozoid medium moves towards the archegonium. The fertilized ovum develops into zygotes, which in turn grow into new ferns.
Seed plants (Spermatophyta) also have this cycle but have evolved further so that the gametophyte stage is not independent. The resulting spores instantly grow into stamens or embryo sacs.

Classification
1. Divisio Psilophyta
Psilophyta is also called naked nail which is the most primitive nail plant. Most of these nail plants have leaves, have a small structure and shaped scales. For example Psilotum.
These nail plants are grouped into several divisions. From the division of seedless plants without seeds, namely the division of Lycophyta (wire nails), Spenophyta or Equisetophyta (horse tail nails), Pterophyta (true nails), Psilophyta.


2. Foreign exchange Lycophyta
Lycophyta has a leaf-like structure and a wire-like stem. According to Campbell (1998: 550), this plant has 1,000 species. Some Lycophyta members live in tropical forests and live epitively on trees. As in the suptropical region, this plant lives in the basics of the forest. These spores are male and some are female.

3. Foreign Sphenophyta (Equisetophyta)
This species only has 15 species only, this plant is also called horsetail. Devisio also has leaves that are similar to wires arranged in a circle. The trunk is similar to a ponytail.
An example of this species is Equisetum. Equisetum has a hard stem because it has silica, also has rhizomes that are underground with upright stems that are dark green. Sporangium is found in a cone-shaped structure called Strobilus, producing only one type of spore. devisio is only a few melimeters in size. But capable of photosynthesis, and contained antheridium and archegonium.

4. Foreign exchange Pterophyta
Pterophyta is considered a true nail. According to Campbell (1998: 558), more than 12,000 species. Generally only live on land, especially in tropical regions like Indonesia. This plant has true stems, leaves and roots. Large leaves are also called megafiles. The stems can grow underground (like rhizomes) or above the ground. Typical Cirri in this foreign exchange is the leaves are easy to roll (circinnatus) and in the lower surface of the leaf there is sorus. Examples of these species include devisio are Aspleniumnidus (bird's nest spikes) and Adiantum cuneatum (suplir).

Seed plants
Seed plants
Seed plants are a group of plants whose generative breeding uses seeds produced by flowers. Inside the flower there is a breeding tool in the form of female and female sex cells. Seed plants have chlorophyll which is in charge of the process of photosynthesis. The root is located in the ground

Root Function:
1. strengthen the stem
2. respiratory organs
3. absorb water and mineral salts from the soil
4. store food reserves for example on cassava, carrots, dahlia flowers

root parts
1. hair root to absorb water and mineral salt
2. akat hood to penetrate the soil layer

The stem
function:
1. transporting water and mineral salt from roots to leaves
2. transporting the results of photosynthesis from the leaves to all parts of the plant
3. respiratory organs (lenticell)

stem parts
1. a wooden vessel (xylem) for transporting water and mineral salts from roots to leaves
2. Vessels (phloem) to transport photosynthesis from leaves to all parts of the plant.

Leaf
Function
1. the site of photosynthesis
2. respiratory organs (stomata)
leaf parts
1. network of poles (palisade)
2. spongy tissue there are spots called chlorophyll which contain chlorophyll
3. leaf mouth (stomata) where air comes in and out
4. bundles of filter vessels and wooden vessels that form leaf bones

Flower
function
1. as a breeding tool
2. fertilization begins with pollination ie the fall of the stamens to the pistil's head

flower parts
1. flower stalk
2. basic interest
3. female genital pistil which produces female genital cells
4. male genital stamens that produce male sex cells
5. petals
6. flower petals

Understanding Chilopoda, Diplopoda and Crustaceans

Understanding Chilopoda, Diplopoda and Crustaceans
1. Chilopoda
This group of animals is known as a centipede. Its body is elongated and rather flat. On its head is an antenna and mouth with a pair of mandible and two pairs of maxilla. In each segment of his body there is a foot and a pair of spiracles.
The first pair of legs is modified to be alt altoxic. Stingers are used to sting enemies or intruders. The sting causes swelling and pain. Examples of these animals are centipedes (scutigera sp.).

2. Diplopoda
Animals in this order are known as millipedes, although the number of legs is not a thousand. There are other names such as family. The body is round. The mouth consists of two pairs of maxilla and lower lip. In each segment of the body there are two pairs of legs and two pairs of spiracles .
Diplopods do not have poisonous claws because these animals are hebivorous or eat the rest of the organism. This animal moves slowly with legs that move like waves. When disturbed this animal will roll its body and pretend to die. Examples of these animals are millipedes (pass sp.) .

3. Crustaceans
Crustaceans (in Latin, crusta = leather) have a hard skin. Money, lobsters, and crabs are examples of this group.
Crustaceans are generally aquatic animals, although some live on land. The majority are aquatic animals, living in freshwater or the sea, although some groups have adapted to terrestrial life, such as terrestrial crabs. The majority can move freely, although some taxon are parasitic and live on their host.

Arthropoda characteristic
Segmented body. This means that they will have a body consisting of more than one part. Spiders have two segments and flies have three segments.
Many jointed legs or limbs. Spiders have 8 legs, thousand feet can have ... Hundreds! flies have three segments.
An exoskeleton. This is an external framework. Like armor, it protects the body of the arthropod. When arthropods are born the exoskeleton is soft but hardens quickly and can be shed as the creature grows. Arthropods are invertebrates, which means that they do not have a backbone.
cold-blooded. Arthropods are cold-blooded - that is, their body temperature depends on the temperature of their surrounding environment. Arthropods are some of the most interesting animals in the world!
habitat. Arthropods are worldwide in their distribution and occupy a variety of habitats including deep sea, coastal waters, terrestrial habitats, freshwater rivers and streams, forests, deserts, shrubs, and grasslands.
Has 3 main body parts namely segmented body (internodes), hard outer framework (exoskeleton), and tail.
The body consists of head (head), thorax (chest), and segmented abdomen (stomach)
The body is covered in cuticles as an outer skeleton made of protein and chitin
Have a variety of body sizes
Bilateral sympathetic body shape
The nature of arthropod life is parasitic, hetertropic, and living freely
Has a respirator in the form of trachea, gills, and lungs
Asexual and sexual reproduction
A perfect or complete digestive apparatus from the mouth, esophagus, intestine, and anus
Arthropods live in freshwater, land, sea and air
The arthropod circulatory system is open with blood that does not contain hemoglobin but hemocyanin

Arthropoda characteristic
General Characteristics of Arthropods
Arthropods belong to the triplobastik selomata animal group, which has a true cavity and three layers of the body. Arthropod body with books / joints, its legs are also segmented, have an outer frame (exoskeleton) from chitin which is useful for protecting internal organs and can provide body shape.
Arthropod body can be distinguished on the head (head), chest (thorax) and stomach (abdomen). If Arthropods are cut in half, then it is bilateral symmetry. The mouth is at the anterior end and the anus is at the posterior end.
Arthropod Having complete body tools including digestive organs, namely the mouth, esophagus, intestine, and anus. Respiration with gills, trachea, body surface, or with book lungs

Arthropod reproduction
Arthropod reproduction is done asexually and sexually. Asexually Arthropods by doing parthenogenesis (reproducing without fertilization by male animals) and paedogenesis (reproducing occurs in young individuals, namely the larvae). Arthropod genitals are separated

Arthropod type
Arthropods are grouped into Crustaceae (crustaceans), Insect (insects), Arachnoidea (spiders), and Myriapoda (millipedes).

a) Characteristics of Crustaceae
Crustaceans are also called crustaceans, for example: shrimp, crab, and yuyu. You certainly already know where these animal groups live, namely in seawater, lakes and rivers.
Crustaceae has a hard outer frame because it contains chitin and lime, so it is called a shelled animal. Crustaceae antennas are two pairs, have one pair of legs in each segment of the body, while shrimp or crabs have 5 pairs of walking legs.
The head and chest of the crustaceae are fused called cephalothorax. The head and chest are protected by a shield, which is hard skin called carapace. The feet can be used for walking, swimming or sticking to water.
Crustacean digestive system starts from the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and anus. The rest of the metabolism exits through the green glands. The nervous system uses the nerve structure of the rope ladder, its respiration uses gills.
Crustacean sex can be separated and is hermaphrodite. Fertilization occurs internally, eggs containing zygotes hatch into larvae, then grow into adulthood through repeated skin changes.
Examples of these members are tiger shrimp (Penaeus), giant prawns (Macrobium resenbergi), freshwater shrimp (Cambarus virilis), crabs (Parathelpusa tredenlata), crabs (Portunus sexdentalus), and small crab (Neptune pelagicus).
This animal's body has a hard outer frame because it contains chitin and lime, so it is called a shelled animal. Antennas numbered two pairs, have one pair of legs in each segment of the body, while in shrimp or crabs have 5 pairs of walking legs.

The fused head and chest are called cephalothorax. The head and chest are protected by a shield, which is hard skin called carapace. The role of crustaceae is more beneficial for us, for example as a source of animal protein because it contains high protein such as shrimp, crabs, and crab.

b) Characteristics of Insects
Insect groups or insects have very many species, living on land and water. Insect body size is relatively small. Insects are often referred to as hexapods, which have six legs (3 pairs).
The body is distinguished from the head, chest and stomach. On the head of Insekta there is a pair of antennas that can be used to smell and touch. There is also a mouth, compound eyes (facet eyes) there are single-eyed (ocelli). The mouth of the insect according to its function is divided into four types, namely the type of licker and sucker (house fly), sucker type (butterfly), piercing and sucker type (mosquito), and the type of bite (grasshopper).
The chest part consists of 3 segments and there are 3 pairs of legs that are segmented, there are also wings. As for the stomach there are 6 to 11 segments, the posterior back segment as a means of reproduction. In female insects there are egg-laying devices called ovipositors and bags to store sperm.
The respiration uses tracheal vessels, which is air from outside entering the network through the tracheal vessels. The number of hearts is 5 pieces and the circulatory system is open. The excretion system uses malphigi vessels that surround the anus. The insect's life cycle undergoes a shape change called metamorphosis. However, there are types of insects that do not experience metamorphosis which is classified as ametabola insects, such as nerds (Lepisma).

Perfect Metamorphosis
Imperfect metamorphosis occurs in the order Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and Homoptera. There are two classes of Insecta, based on the presence or absence of wings, namely Insecta which does not have wings (apterygota), for example, are nerds and who have wings (pterygota). This class is further divided into several orders by observing its wings and mouth.
What is the role of insects in life? Some types of pollination of plants are helped by insects, what kind of insects are they? Honey bees can produce honey, silkworms produce silk.

c) Characteristics of Arachnoidea (Labah-Labah)
In the Arachnoidean group, the body has a head (united with the chest called the head of the chest) and a stomach. On the head there is a pair of kelisera, the shape is tapered and the end is hollow as a stinging device containing poison glands, a pair of pedipalpus as a clipper shaped like a scissors, and four pairs of legs; not having an antenna, breathing with books, tracheal lungs, or both.

Definition of Arthropods and Classification

Definition of Arthropods, Classification, Characteristics, Structure, Types and Examples:
Arthropods are animals that have features of broad legs, bristles, or segments
Definition of Arthropods
Arthropods (in Latin, Arthra = segments, books, segments; podos = legs) are animals that have features of broad, knuckled, or segmented legs. These segments are also present in their bodies. Arthropod bodies are bilateral symmetrical and belong to tripoblastic selomata.

Body size and shape
Arthropod body sizes are very diverse, some of which have a length of more than 60 cm., But most are small. Likewise with the various forms of Arthropods.

Body structure
Arthropod body segmented with a number of segments that vary. In each segment of the body there is a pair of legs that segmented. Segments combine to form parts of the body, namely Kaput (head), thorax (chest), and abdomen (stomach).
Another characteristic of Arthropods is the presence of hard cuticles that form the outer skeleton (exoskeleton). The exoskeleton is composed of chitin secreted by skin cells. The exoskeleton is attached to the skin to form strong body protection.
The exoskeleton consists of plates which are connected by flexible and soft ligaments. The exoskeleton cannot enlarge following the growth of the body. Therefore, the stage of Arthropod growth is always followed by exfoliation of the old exoskeleton and the formation of new exoskeleton.
The release stage of the exoskeleton is called molting or ekdisis. Animals that usually carry out ecdysis are crabs, shrimp and spiders.
Arthropod nervous system in the form of a rope ladder nervous system totaling a pair that is along the ventral side of the body.
At various places in the body segment, there is an enlarged nerve of the rope ladder called the ganglia. Ganglia functions as a reflex center and controls various activities. The larger anterior ganglia functions as the brain.
Arthropod's digestive system consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and anus. The mouth is filled with a variety of additional tools, such as the mandible and maxilla in grasshoppers.
Arthropods breathe with gills, trachea, or book lungs. The metabolic residue in the form of fluid is excreted by the excretory organs called the Malpighi ducts, excretion glands, or both.
The Arthropod circulation system is open. The circulatory system consists of the heart, short blood vessels, and the space around the body's organs called sinuses or hemosols. Arthropod blood is also called hemolymph.

Way of life and habitat
Arthropod way of life is very diverse, there are free living, parasitic, commensal, or symbiotic. In our environment, these animal groups are often found, such as mosquitoes, flies, ants, butterflies, dragonflies, grasshoppers, and bees.
Arthropod habitat is very widespread. There are at sea, freshwater, desert, and grassland.

Reproduction
Arthropod reproductive system generally occurs sexually. But there are also those that are asexual, namely parthenogenesis.
Parthenogenesis is the formation of new individuals without going through fertilization (fertilization). The resulting individuals are sterile. Male and female reproductive organs in separate Arthropods, each producing gametes in different individuals so that they are dioseous (two houses). The results of fertilization in the form of eggs.

Arthropod Classification
Arthropods are classified into 20 classes based on body and foot structure. The following four classes will be described which are the most common, namely Arachnoidea, Myriapoda, Crustacean, and Insecta Classes

Arachnida
Arachnoidea (in Greek, arachno = spider) is also called the spider group, although its members are not spiders. Scorpions are one example of the Arachnoidea class of 32 species. Arachnoidean body sizes vary, some of which have smaller lengths. from 0.5 mm to 9 cm. Arachnoidea is a terrestrial animal (land) that lives freely or parasitically. Arachnoidea that lives freely are carnivorous.
Arachnoidea is divided into three orders, namely Scorpionida, Arachnida, and Acarina. Scorpionida has a poisonous stinger in the last abdominal segment, examples of these animals are the scorpion (Uroctonus mordax) and the ketunggeng (Buthus after).
In Arachnida, the abdomen is not segmented and has a poisonous gland in its calorie (stinging device), for example this animal is a wolf spider (Pardosa amenata), a sloping spider (Nephila maculata). Carina has a very small body, for example is a tick or spider mites (Acarina sp.).

The following are the characteristics of one of the Arachnoidea animals that we often encounter, namely the spider. Its body consists of two parts, namely cephalothorax (head-chest) on the anterior and abdomen in the posterior part. Spalothorax is the union of the body of the cephal or head (head) and thoracic (chest) section.
In the cephalothorax there is a pair of calisera (stinging devices), a pair of pedipalpus (claws), and six pairs of legs for walking. Calcium and pedipalpus are additional tools in the mouth.
In the abdomen (opistosoma) spider consists of mesosomes and metasomas. In the posterior abdomen there are spinerets which are cone-shaped organs and can rotate freely.

Inside the spineret there are many spigots which are holes in the release of fine glands or abdominal glands. Fine thread glands secrete fluids containing elastic proteins. The elastic protein will harden in the air to form fine threads that are used to trap prey.
The spider breathes with the book lungs or trachea. The lungs of the book are many layered respiration organs like books and are located in the abdomen. Excretion of spiders is carried out with the Malpighi (single = tubule) tubules.
Malpighi Tubules are long, clogged tubes and these organs are located within the hemosol which empties into the intestine. Besides the Malpighi Tubules, other excretions are carried out with the coccal gland. The coccal gland is a dead-end excretory gland that empties into the cocsa region (a segment of the insecta leg).

Myriapoda
Myriapoda (in Greek, myria = many, podos = legs) is a multi-legged animal. Animal millipede is one of which we sometimes see in the environment around us. Myriapoda lives on land in damp places, for example under leaves, rocks, or pile of wood. Myriapoda's body parts are difficult to distinguish between the thorax and the abdomen. The body is elongated like a worm.
On the head there are antennas, mouths, and one pair of mandible (lower jaw), two pairs of maxilla (upper jaw), and oseli-shaped eyes (single eye). Its body is segmented with one to two pairs of limbs in each segment.
Each segment has a respiration hole called a spiracle leading to the trachea. Its excretion is with the malpighi tubule. Myriapods are diocese and internally carry out sexual reproduction. Myriapods are divided into two orders, namely Chilopoda and Diplopoda.

Kingdom Animalia: Characteristics and Classifications

Kingdom Animalia: Characteristics, Classifications, Images & Examples (FULL)
Kingdom Animalia or commonly called animal eukaryotic organisms (organisms with complex cells) are multicellular. Unlike plants, animals do not have chlorophyll so they cannot carry out photosynthesis to make their own food. Therefore, animals must find their own food to get energy then the food is digested in the body. This process requires oxygen and emits carbon dioxide as a waste.

Definition of Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom animalia is one of the kingdoms that has the most numerous and varied members. Broadly speaking, kingdom animalia can be grouped into two groups, namely the vertebrate group (vertebrate animals) and the invertebrate group (invertebrate animals. animals ie animal cells do not have cell walls, animals contain many muscle cells for movement and nerve cells that function to respond to each excitatory.

Kingdom Animalia
Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular Living Things (have many cells)
Heterotroph (can not make their own food)
Requires oxygen
Having muscle cells for locomotion and nerve cells for stimulation
Generally sexual reproduction, but some phyla also use asexual reproduction
The form of the Adult is always diploid (2n)


Kingdom Animalia Classification
Kingdom Animalia consists of

Invertebrate group is a group of animals that do not have a backbone.
vertebrate group that has a backbone.
1. Invertebrates
Invertebrate group is divided into several phyla namely Porifera, Coelenterata, Plathyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda and Echinoderms.

1. Phylum Porifera (porous animal / sponge)
Porifera
Multicellular animals with porous bodies, unformed tissue, have skeletons and waterways.
It is heterotrophic by obtaining food in water that enters the body through pores.
Living in the sea, attached to rocks or other objects.
Asexual reproduction by formation of shoots, gemmules (internal shoots) and regeneration. Sexual reproduction by the formation of gametes.
Porifera are classified into three classes based on the framework, namely Hexactinellida, Demospongiae and Calcaera.
Porifera's role as a bath sponge or scrubber, and potentially as a cancer drug.

2. Phylum Coelenterata (Hollow Animal)
Diploblastic multicellular animals whose bodies have formed tissue, in the form of polyps or medusae with stinging tentacles, have a digestive cavity, a simple nervous system and do not have a system of excretion.
Heterotrophic and uses tentacles to catch prey.
Habitat is in the sea
Asexual reproduction by budding formation by polyps and sexual reproduction by gamete formation by medusae or polyps.
Based on the dominant form in the life cycle can be divided into three classes, namely Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa and Anthozoa.
Also Read the Detailed Article About: Explanation of Classification of Coelenterata (Cnidaria) and Its Characteristics

3. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Aselomata triploblastik animals with bilateral symmetry bodies are flat, have a nervous system, a digestive system with one hole, do not have a circulatory system, respiration and excretion.
Live freely in the sea, fresh water, moist or parasitic places in animals and humans.
Hemaphroditic, sexual reproduction by themselves or cross, asexual reproduction with fragmentation followed by regeneration.
The classification is divided into three classes, namely Turbellaria, Trematoda and Cestoda.

4. Phylum Nemathelminthes (Thread Worms)
Pseudoselomata triploblastik animals, bilateral symmetry body elliptical coated cuticle with a complete digestive system, circulatory system by pseudoselomal fluid, do not have a system of respiration and excretion.
Live free or parasitic
Living in wet soils, at the bottom of freshwater or open sea, is parasitic in humans, animals and plants.
Sexual reproduction
Examples of parasitic Nemathelminthes are roundworms, hookworms, pinworms, filarial worms and Trichinella worms.
Also Read the Detailed Article About Nemathelminthes: Definition, Characteristics, Body Structure, and Classification and Its Complete Role

5. Annelids (roundworms)
Triploblastik selomata animals, bilateral symmetry body segmented, has muscles, a complete digestive system, circulation system, nervous system ladder cord which is a nervous system consisting of the brain ganglia in front of the body close to the pharynx and nerve cords that penetrate segments of the body and have an excretory system. Does not have a respiratory system, is hemaphroditic or gonokoris (male and female genitals separate in different individuals).
Live freely on the seabed, fresh water, soil and moist or parasitic places on vertebrates.
Sexual or asexual reproduction.
Differentiated into 3 classes namely, Polychaeta, Oligochaeta and Hirudinea.
Also Read the Detailed Article About: Annelida: Definition, Reproduction, Characteristics, and Classification and Its Role in Complete

6. Mollusca (Soft Animal)
Selomata triploblastik animals with bilateral symmetry, soft bodied, free living in the sea, fresh water and land.
The body consists of legs, visceral mass and mantle. Shells, a complete digestive system, open and closed circulation systems. The nervous system consists of ganglions and nerve fibers. Respiration with gill or coat cavity. Excretion with nephridia, reproduces sexually internally or externally and is diocese (male and female genitals are in different individuals) or monoseus (male and female genitalia in one individual).
It is divided into 3 classes namely, Gastropoda, Pelecypoda and Cephalopoda.
Also Read Detailed Articles About: Mollusca: Definition, Body Structure, Characteristics, Classification, Examples and Its Role in Complete

7. Arthropods (animal limbs)
Trichlastic selomata animals with bilateral symmetry, have broad legs and body, live in a variety of habitats freely, parasitic, commensal or symbiotic.
The body consists of a head (head), thorax (chest) and abdomen (stomach). Exoskeleton (outer frame), diverse number of limbs, well-developed sensory system, cord ladder nervous system (a nervous system consisting of brain ganglia in front of the body close to the pharynx, and nerve cords that penetrate segments of the body), complete digestive system, excretion through tubule malphigi (a channel as a system of excretion in arthropods) or assisted with certain excretion glands.
Respiration uses gills, tracheal or pulmonary beatings. Open circulation system. Diosseous (male and female genitals exist in different individuals) and internal sexual reproduction and ecdysis (the event of cuticle removal) partially metamorphosed.
It is divided into 4 classes based on body and leg structure, namely Arachnoidea, Myriapoda, Crustacea and Insecta.

Understanding and Characteristics of Plant Kingdom Plantae

Understanding and Characteristics of Plant Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Plantae or better known as plants is one of the multicellular eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls and chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a leaf green substance whose function is to photosynthesis so that plants are able to make their own food or autotrophic. This is what distinguishes between Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia. Another difference from Kingdom Plantae cannot move freely like Kingdom Animalia.

Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae (Plants)
Kingdom Plantae has special features that make this one Kingdom different from Kingdom Animalia. These characteristics are as follows:
On cell walls composed of cellulose.
Has chlorophyll which functions for photosynthesis.
Because it has chlorophyll, therefore kingdom plantae which are autotrophic (can make their own food) with the help of sunlight.
Eukaryotes
Multicellular in nature
Can store food reserves in the form of starch (starch)
Can experience hereditary rotation in its life cycle.
Kingdom Plantae (Plant) Classification
Kingdom Plantae has its own classification. This classification helps us to be able to distinguish between one species with another species in Kingdom Plantae.

1. Moss Plants (Bryophyta)
Moss plant is a collection of small plants, which live on land and usually grow in moist areas, do not have true roots, stems and leaves, and do not have transport vessels (xylem and phloem), is a transitional plant between thallus plants (Talofita) with plants with cormus (kormofita) and experience a rotation of offspring

Characteristics of Moss Plants (Bryophyta)
Talofita is a plant that cannot be distinguished between roots, stems and leaves.
Kormofita is a plant that can be distinguished between roots, stems and leaves
Moss plants are also called transitional plants because there are plants that are still in the form of thallus (sheets, ie liverworts), but there are also those that already have a body structure similar to true roots, stems and leaves (moss leaves).
moss is also a pioneer plant (pioneering vegetation), which grows somewhere before other plants are able to grow
This plant is sized: macroscopic 1-2 cm, and some are reaching 40 cm.
This plant has a shaped body: it has two forms of generation, namely Gametophyte generation and Sporophyte generation.
Types of Moss Plants (Bryophyta)
Moss plants are thallus plants, which live in moist and autotrophic places.
Moss plants are divided into 3: liverworts, hornworts and leaf moss.

1. Hepaticopsida (liverworts)
This type of moss is shaped like a talus, lobbed like a human heart
this type of moss is a two-house moss (deoceus)
In asexual reproduction by fragmentation, in the formation of gemmacup (buds) and spores
Gemmacup is a typical structure found in a gametophyte in the form of a bowl that contains a collection of small mosses.
Gemma can be separated and scattered by water which then grows into new moss.
In sexual reproduction occurs by fertilization between the spema and ovum
This type of moss forms zygotes.
For example: Marchantia polimorpha

2. Anthocerotopsida (hornworts)
Hornworts are also called Anthoceropsids.
Gametophyte is similar to liverworts, while the difference lies in the sporophyte.
Sporophyte moss horns have elongated capsules that grow like horns from gametophyte.
For example: Anthoceros laevis (hornworts).

3. Bryopsida (leaf moss)
Bryopsida is a true moss because the body shape is similar to small plants that have roots (rizoid), stems and leaves.
His life in groups to form a thick velvet.
For example: Polytrihcum and Spagnum

Benefits of mosses (Bryophyta)
Some Sphagnum species can be used for skin and eye medicine.
In some moss plants that grow in the rainforest can be used as a barrier to erosion and to absorb water
Can be used for spatial ornaments
Marchantia is a cure for liver disease
2. Nail Plants (Pterydophyta)
Fern is a plant that has true roots, stems and leaves, which breed with spores (cormofita berspora), and has xylem and phloem transport vessels, has chlorophyll too, has fibrous roots and undergoes a hereditary rotation.

Characteristics of Plant Paku (Pterydophyta)
At the roots, stems, and leaves can be distinguished
Spores are produced on sporophils, especially under the leaves
Young leaves grow curled
Types of Nail Plants (Pterydophyta)

Classification: Nail plants are divided into 4 classes, namely:
1. Ancient nails (Psilopsida)
This type of fern species is almost extinct, with 10-13 species remaining
This type of fern produces one type of spore (homospora)
The gametophyte has no chlorophyll, a nutrient obtained from symbiosis with fungi
For example: Rynia and psilotum


2. Wire nails (Lycopsida)
the number of species is approximately 1000
Can produce two types of spores (heterospores)
In Sporangium found in cone-shaped strobilus
In Gametophyte there is no chlorophyll
Gametophytes are unisexual and bisexual
For example: Selaginela and Lycopodium

3. Ponytail (Spenopsida)
the number of species is more or less 15 species
Habitat in humid subtropical areas
This type is also known as the ponytail because it is shaped like a ponytail
Sporangium in the form of strobilus
Type is a homopora nail
In gametophyte it has chlorophyll
Bisexual gametophyte
For example: Equisetum

4. True nails (Pteriopsida)
This type is the most numerous, approximately 12,000 species
Has true roots, stems and leaves
On the young leaves grow curled (circinnatus)
For example: clover (Marsilea crenata), suplir (Adiantum cuneatum)
Benefits of Nail Plants
Can be used as an ornamental plant
Can be a vegetable
As a green fertilizer on rice plants
Selaginella plana can also be a wound remedy
3. Seed plants (Spermatophyta)
The word spermatophyta is derived from the Greek words, sperm = seed, phyton = plant groups of plants that live on land, have true roots, stems and leaves, tracheophyta, autotrophs, and can produce seeds.

Characteristics of Seed Plants (Spermatophyta)
Having flowers / seed organs produced by strobilus or flowers
If the closed seeds are called Angiosperms and the open ones are called Gymnosperms.
Types of Seed Plants (Spermatophyta)

1. Open seeded plants (gymnospernae)
Gymnospernae is a plant whose seeds are not covered by ovaries.
The characteristics of open seed plants are:
In general, shrubs or trees, nothing in the form of herbs and cambium roots that can grow bigger
Having the form of rooting
The leaves are narrow, thick and stiff
In the leaf bone is not diverse
Do not have true interest
In a conical breeding tool called a strobilus or conifers.
In the ovule arranged in strobilus
In the separate genitals, pollen is found in male strobilus and egg cells are found in female strobilus.

the ovule is not protected by the fruit leaves / open seed
Open Seeded Plants Are Divided Into 4 Classes:
Cycadinae The hallmark is that the stem is not branched, the leaves are compound, arranged as a canopy at the top of the tree. It is a bipolar plant, which means it has only male strobilus or female strobilus only. For example: Zamia furfuracea, Cycas revoluta and Cycas rumphii (haji fern)
Ginkgoinae This type of plant is native to mainland China. The height of this tree can reach 30 meters, its leaves are fan-shaped and easily fall. Pollen and ovules are produced by different individuals. There are only one species of this group, namely Ginkgo biloba.
Coniferinae Coniferales which means cone-carrying plants, because the male and female breeding tools are cone-shaped strobilus. Plants that are included in this group have the characteristic of being evergreen. For example: Agathis alba (resin), Pinus merkusii (pine), Cupressus sp., Araucaria sp., Sequoia sp., Juniperus sp. and Taxus sp.
Gnetinae This type of plant members in the form of shrubs, lianas (climbing plants) and trees. The leaves are oval / oval and the leaves sit facing the shape of the pinnate veins. In this xylem there is a trachea and phloem has no accompanying cells. Strobilus is not conical, but can already be called "flowers". For example: the best known of this group is Gnetum gnemon (melinjo).
2. Closed seed plants (Angiosperms)
Closed seed plants are plants whose seeds are found in the ovaries.
Characteristics of closed seed plants (Angiosperms)
Life as a tree, shrubs, shrubs, vines or herbs / terna
The leaves are flat and wide in shape with the bones of the leaves pinnate, pinched, curved or parallel
Having a true flower with a flower ornament in the form of petals and petals and in the propagation tool in the form of pistils and stamens
Closed seed plants are divided into two classes based on the number of seeds, which are:

1. Dicot
Has two leaf institutions (dicotyledons)
In the stem is generally branched
The bones of the leaves are fingered or pinned
Having cambium so that the roots and stems grow, the connective tissue of the xylem and phloem vessels in the roots and stems are arranged in a circle
Has a taproot system
The flowers have parts with multiples of 4 or 5, which are irregular in shape with striking flowers
Examples of Dicotyledonous plants are as follows:
The first is the latex tribe (Euhorbiaceae), for example: cassava plants, jatropha, rubber, and croton
The second tribe legumes (Leguminosae), for example: in the shame female plants, petai, flamboyant, peacock flowers, soybeans, peanuts and so forth.
The third is the eggplant (Solanaceae), for example: in plants potatoes, eggplant, tomatoes, chili, amethyst, and so forth.
The fourth is the orange-jerukan tribe (Rutaceae), for example: in sweet orange plants, grapefruit
The fifth is the cotton-kapasan tribe (Malvaceae), for example: in hibiscus plants, cotton
The sixth is the Guava (Mirtaceae), for example: in clove plants, guava, water guava, monkey guava, jamblang, and so forth.
And finally the composite tribe (Compositae), for example: in sunflowers, dahlias, chrysanthemums
2. Monocots
Having one leaf institution (cotyledon)
On the trunk is not branched or branched a little, clear stem segments
The leaves are usually flaky and in the form of a single leaf
Has parallel or curved leaf bones
No cambium, the xylem and phloem tissues of the roots and stems are spread out
Having a fibrous root system
The flower has parts with multiples of 3, the shape is irregular, the color is inconspicuous
Examples of monocot plants are as follows:
The first tribe of grasses (Graminae), for example: in rice plants, corn, bamboo, grass, sugar cane, wheat and so forth.
The second is the pinang-pinangan tribe (Palmae), for example: in coconut, rattan, palm oil, sugar palm, salak and others.
The third is the Ginger-Zean tribe (Zingiberaceae), for example: in turmeric, ginger, galangal
The fourth is the pineapple-nanasan tribe (Bromeliaceae), for example: in nanass plants
And finally the orchid-orchid (Orcidaceae), for example: the moon orchid, tiger orchid, orchid growing in irian jaya forest and so forth.
That is a review of Kingdom Plantae: Definition, Characteristics, Classification, and Types along with Examples in Complete Hopefully what is discussed above is useful for readers. That is all and thank you.