Kingdom Plantae or better known as plants is one of the multicellular eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls and chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a leaf green substance whose function is to photosynthesis so that plants are able to make their own food or autotrophic. This is what distinguishes between Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia. Another difference from Kingdom Plantae cannot move freely like Kingdom Animalia.
Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae (Plants)
Kingdom Plantae has special features that make this one Kingdom different from Kingdom Animalia. These characteristics are as follows:
On cell walls composed of cellulose.
Has chlorophyll which functions for photosynthesis.
Because it has chlorophyll, therefore kingdom plantae which are autotrophic (can make their own food) with the help of sunlight.
Eukaryotes
Multicellular in nature
Can store food reserves in the form of starch (starch)
Can experience hereditary rotation in its life cycle.
Kingdom Plantae (Plant) Classification
Kingdom Plantae has its own classification. This classification helps us to be able to distinguish between one species with another species in Kingdom Plantae.
1. Moss Plants (Bryophyta)
Moss plant is a collection of small plants, which live on land and usually grow in moist areas, do not have true roots, stems and leaves, and do not have transport vessels (xylem and phloem), is a transitional plant between thallus plants (Talofita) with plants with cormus (kormofita) and experience a rotation of offspring
Characteristics of Moss Plants (Bryophyta)
Talofita is a plant that cannot be distinguished between roots, stems and leaves.
Kormofita is a plant that can be distinguished between roots, stems and leaves
Moss plants are also called transitional plants because there are plants that are still in the form of thallus (sheets, ie liverworts), but there are also those that already have a body structure similar to true roots, stems and leaves (moss leaves).
moss is also a pioneer plant (pioneering vegetation), which grows somewhere before other plants are able to grow
This plant is sized: macroscopic 1-2 cm, and some are reaching 40 cm.
This plant has a shaped body: it has two forms of generation, namely Gametophyte generation and Sporophyte generation.
Types of Moss Plants (Bryophyta)
Moss plants are thallus plants, which live in moist and autotrophic places.
Moss plants are divided into 3: liverworts, hornworts and leaf moss.
1. Hepaticopsida (liverworts)
This type of moss is shaped like a talus, lobbed like a human heart
this type of moss is a two-house moss (deoceus)
In asexual reproduction by fragmentation, in the formation of gemmacup (buds) and spores
Gemmacup is a typical structure found in a gametophyte in the form of a bowl that contains a collection of small mosses.
Gemma can be separated and scattered by water which then grows into new moss.
In sexual reproduction occurs by fertilization between the spema and ovum
This type of moss forms zygotes.
For example: Marchantia polimorpha
2. Anthocerotopsida (hornworts)
Hornworts are also called Anthoceropsids.
Gametophyte is similar to liverworts, while the difference lies in the sporophyte.
Sporophyte moss horns have elongated capsules that grow like horns from gametophyte.
For example: Anthoceros laevis (hornworts).
3. Bryopsida (leaf moss)
Bryopsida is a true moss because the body shape is similar to small plants that have roots (rizoid), stems and leaves.
His life in groups to form a thick velvet.
For example: Polytrihcum and Spagnum
Benefits of mosses (Bryophyta)
Some Sphagnum species can be used for skin and eye medicine.
In some moss plants that grow in the rainforest can be used as a barrier to erosion and to absorb water
Can be used for spatial ornaments
Marchantia is a cure for liver disease
2. Nail Plants (Pterydophyta)
Fern is a plant that has true roots, stems and leaves, which breed with spores (cormofita berspora), and has xylem and phloem transport vessels, has chlorophyll too, has fibrous roots and undergoes a hereditary rotation.
Characteristics of Plant Paku (Pterydophyta)
At the roots, stems, and leaves can be distinguished
Spores are produced on sporophils, especially under the leaves
Young leaves grow curled
Types of Nail Plants (Pterydophyta)
Classification: Nail plants are divided into 4 classes, namely:
1. Ancient nails (Psilopsida)
This type of fern species is almost extinct, with 10-13 species remaining
This type of fern produces one type of spore (homospora)
The gametophyte has no chlorophyll, a nutrient obtained from symbiosis with fungi
For example: Rynia and psilotum
2. Wire nails (Lycopsida)
the number of species is approximately 1000
Can produce two types of spores (heterospores)
In Sporangium found in cone-shaped strobilus
In Gametophyte there is no chlorophyll
Gametophytes are unisexual and bisexual
For example: Selaginela and Lycopodium
3. Ponytail (Spenopsida)
the number of species is more or less 15 species
Habitat in humid subtropical areas
This type is also known as the ponytail because it is shaped like a ponytail
Sporangium in the form of strobilus
Type is a homopora nail
In gametophyte it has chlorophyll
Bisexual gametophyte
For example: Equisetum
4. True nails (Pteriopsida)
This type is the most numerous, approximately 12,000 species
Has true roots, stems and leaves
On the young leaves grow curled (circinnatus)
For example: clover (Marsilea crenata), suplir (Adiantum cuneatum)
Benefits of Nail Plants
Can be used as an ornamental plant
Can be a vegetable
As a green fertilizer on rice plants
Selaginella plana can also be a wound remedy
3. Seed plants (Spermatophyta)
The word spermatophyta is derived from the Greek words, sperm = seed, phyton = plant groups of plants that live on land, have true roots, stems and leaves, tracheophyta, autotrophs, and can produce seeds.
Characteristics of Seed Plants (Spermatophyta)
Having flowers / seed organs produced by strobilus or flowers
If the closed seeds are called Angiosperms and the open ones are called Gymnosperms.
Types of Seed Plants (Spermatophyta)
1. Open seeded plants (gymnospernae)
Gymnospernae is a plant whose seeds are not covered by ovaries.
The characteristics of open seed plants are:
In general, shrubs or trees, nothing in the form of herbs and cambium roots that can grow bigger
Having the form of rooting
The leaves are narrow, thick and stiff
In the leaf bone is not diverse
Do not have true interest
In a conical breeding tool called a strobilus or conifers.
In the ovule arranged in strobilus
In the separate genitals, pollen is found in male strobilus and egg cells are found in female strobilus.
the ovule is not protected by the fruit leaves / open seed
Open Seeded Plants Are Divided Into 4 Classes:
Cycadinae The hallmark is that the stem is not branched, the leaves are compound, arranged as a canopy at the top of the tree. It is a bipolar plant, which means it has only male strobilus or female strobilus only. For example: Zamia furfuracea, Cycas revoluta and Cycas rumphii (haji fern)
Ginkgoinae This type of plant is native to mainland China. The height of this tree can reach 30 meters, its leaves are fan-shaped and easily fall. Pollen and ovules are produced by different individuals. There are only one species of this group, namely Ginkgo biloba.
Coniferinae Coniferales which means cone-carrying plants, because the male and female breeding tools are cone-shaped strobilus. Plants that are included in this group have the characteristic of being evergreen. For example: Agathis alba (resin), Pinus merkusii (pine), Cupressus sp., Araucaria sp., Sequoia sp., Juniperus sp. and Taxus sp.
Gnetinae This type of plant members in the form of shrubs, lianas (climbing plants) and trees. The leaves are oval / oval and the leaves sit facing the shape of the pinnate veins. In this xylem there is a trachea and phloem has no accompanying cells. Strobilus is not conical, but can already be called "flowers". For example: the best known of this group is Gnetum gnemon (melinjo).
2. Closed seed plants (Angiosperms)
Closed seed plants are plants whose seeds are found in the ovaries.
Characteristics of closed seed plants (Angiosperms)
Life as a tree, shrubs, shrubs, vines or herbs / terna
The leaves are flat and wide in shape with the bones of the leaves pinnate, pinched, curved or parallel
Having a true flower with a flower ornament in the form of petals and petals and in the propagation tool in the form of pistils and stamens
Closed seed plants are divided into two classes based on the number of seeds, which are:
1. Dicot
Has two leaf institutions (dicotyledons)
In the stem is generally branched
The bones of the leaves are fingered or pinned
Having cambium so that the roots and stems grow, the connective tissue of the xylem and phloem vessels in the roots and stems are arranged in a circle
Has a taproot system
The flowers have parts with multiples of 4 or 5, which are irregular in shape with striking flowers
Examples of Dicotyledonous plants are as follows:
The first is the latex tribe (Euhorbiaceae), for example: cassava plants, jatropha, rubber, and croton
The second tribe legumes (Leguminosae), for example: in the shame female plants, petai, flamboyant, peacock flowers, soybeans, peanuts and so forth.
The third is the eggplant (Solanaceae), for example: in plants potatoes, eggplant, tomatoes, chili, amethyst, and so forth.
The fourth is the orange-jerukan tribe (Rutaceae), for example: in sweet orange plants, grapefruit
The fifth is the cotton-kapasan tribe (Malvaceae), for example: in hibiscus plants, cotton
The sixth is the Guava (Mirtaceae), for example: in clove plants, guava, water guava, monkey guava, jamblang, and so forth.
And finally the composite tribe (Compositae), for example: in sunflowers, dahlias, chrysanthemums
2. Monocots
Having one leaf institution (cotyledon)
On the trunk is not branched or branched a little, clear stem segments
The leaves are usually flaky and in the form of a single leaf
Has parallel or curved leaf bones
No cambium, the xylem and phloem tissues of the roots and stems are spread out
Having a fibrous root system
The flower has parts with multiples of 3, the shape is irregular, the color is inconspicuous
Examples of monocot plants are as follows:
The first tribe of grasses (Graminae), for example: in rice plants, corn, bamboo, grass, sugar cane, wheat and so forth.
The second is the pinang-pinangan tribe (Palmae), for example: in coconut, rattan, palm oil, sugar palm, salak and others.
The third is the Ginger-Zean tribe (Zingiberaceae), for example: in turmeric, ginger, galangal
The fourth is the pineapple-nanasan tribe (Bromeliaceae), for example: in nanass plants
And finally the orchid-orchid (Orcidaceae), for example: the moon orchid, tiger orchid, orchid growing in irian jaya forest and so forth.
That is a review of Kingdom Plantae: Definition, Characteristics, Classification, and Types along with Examples in Complete Hopefully what is discussed above is useful for readers. That is all and thank you.